Genotyping allows us to observe this characteristic directly.Įxample: For instance, let us say that a boar (male pig) is heterozygous at a large QTL for meat quality (Aa). Prior to genotyping the offspring, there would be no way to separate offspring due to this major QTL. If you cross Aa x Aa parents, the offspring will be aa, Aa, and AA. Think of two parents both being Aa for a major QTL. People often forget however, that phenotyping can exploit at least part of the Mendelian sampling term. This can separate full-sibs prior to having any phenotypes. Genomic relationships allow us to exploit the Mendelian sampling portion ( \(\phi\))of the breeding value equation from parents. The expected relationship for full-sibs is 0.5 (non-inbred). 2015) showing observed vs expected relationships among full-sibs. \Īn example can be seen in the following histogram from (Lourenco et al. This is because the A matrix cannot exploit the Mendelian sampling term when offspring inherit chromosome segments from the parents. Some call this matrix the ‘realized’ relationship matrix ( G) in place of the ‘expected’ relationship matrix ( A). Genomic BLUP (GBLUP) is a simple way to utilize genotypes to create a new relationship among animals.
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